The purpose of all these researches and investigations is to arrive at certain conclusions, to prepare models and concepts and to suggest general principles which prepare the general corpus of political science. Hallowell has rightly observed that, Political Philosophy is concerned so much with political institutions as with the ideas and aspirations that are embodied in the institutions. Therefore, it is generally believed that Political Science is not an exact science as it fails to observe uniformity. Lord Bryce also observes that the phenomena with which the chemist deals are and always have been identical; they can be weighed and measured, whereas human phenomena can only be described. ISBN-13 : 978-3030502942 The state is the ultimate expression of socialized life. According to some accepted rules, this aspect of mans nature and the instinct of living together and cooperating require adjustment of behavior. After completion Meaning and definition of our topic meaning nature and scope of political science, now its time for Nature of Political Science. It improves our life standard. It chalks out the plans and programmes of agriculture and industry and controls the prices. For many people political activity is a good deal gratifying than other outlets family, friends, recreation and the like. and Why Should We Study It? Comparative method also suffers from some limitations. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Paul Janet has given a very exact definition of Political Science. (2) The Historical Method and Its Analysis of the Past Political Institutions: The second important method of studying political phenomena is historical. In The Economic Superorganism, you will discover stories, data, science, and philosophy to guide you through the arguments from competing narratives on energy, growth, and policy. Naturally any segregation of one discipline from another cannot help either the political scientist or the policy maker. This, of course, is highly political. We, therefore, conclude that political science as a study of cooperation, negotiation and conflict holds good for any liberal or pluralist society. Dealing with the various terms, used for this science by different authors, Dr. Garner observes: The obvious objection to the employment of the terms in dual sense could be removed by restricting its use to describe the activities by which public officials are chosen and political policies promoted or, in a wider sense the sum total of activities which have to do with the actual administration of public affairs, reserving the term, Political Science to describe the body of knowledge relating to the phenomena of the State.. Hence any definition of political science must encompass all these components. Now the interesting fact is that various scholars and political scientists have made sincere attempts to view its scope from their respective angles and perspective resulting in wide variations in the treatment of scope. [PDF Notes] Essay on the traditional & Modern Definitions of Political Science. In spite of these differences the contribution of each discipline cannot be minimised whatever small that contribution be. But this is not the only object of political life. In this sense the word science means systematic study of any subject in a very methodical way and to arrive at certain conclusion based on information, facts collected and analysed in a scientific way. At this level we return to one of our earlier points. This approach, which is not restricted to declared behaviorists, concentrates on individuals and groups behavior within political institutions. Since his nature goes on changing, the laws framed by him and the constitutions and political institutions, made and supported by him, are bound to undergo changes with the changing conditions. Revolutions, according to him, have taken place at all times and under various conditions. This tendency continues even now, though in a slightly different form. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Obviously, it is a quest for a just and happy life for men assembled in a territoriality integrated society. While Amos objection is that practical statesmen immersed in actual business and oppressed by the ever-recurring presence of new emergencies almost resent the notion of applying the comprehensive principles of science. The result is, he adds, that Politics floats in the public mind either as a mere field for ingenious chicane or as a boundless waste for scholastic phantasy.. Secondly, it is generally argued that like other natural sciences Political Science does not strictly observe the relation of cause and effect. Therefore, they are busy in competing with each other in the race of atomic weapons. In past there were gulf of differences between political science and physical science. Bluntschli recognises only two methods of political investigation. We have already noted Morgenthaus definition of political science. If we neglect the first process, we shall accumulate facts to little purpose because we shall have no test by which to distinguish facts which are Important from those which are unimportant, and, of course, we neglect the second process, our reasoning will be baseless and we shall but weave scholastic cobwebs. Therefore, it is advisable that we shall be very cautious, critical and objective while adopting the historical method for the study of political phenomena. It is the dream for the ideal for the fulfillment of which all people have always yearned and striven, though what an ideal life is and how it can be achieved is controversial. It is the wisdom of generations that makes the political apparatus of a country and its culture. It is a matter of regret that China first of all agreed in 1954, to follow the Indian path of Panch Sheel with regard to the solution of the problem of Tibet but later on it abandoned that path and occupied many Indian posts. To put it in other words, how and for what purpose we want to utilise the subject that will decide the contribution. [PDF Notes] Vital notes on the Nature and Scope of Educational Psychology [Latest], [PDF Notes] Here is your short paragraph on Social Science [Latest]. In this way political science is gradually improving itself and this has raised its status as a science. [PDF Notes] Political Science: Nature, Scope and Methods of Political In order to be apprised of the exact situation and in order to know the exact position of its population, the government collects the data of majority and minority groups of the people. An organized society must also be territoriality settled. Building up of theory is also a great part of empirical analysis of political science. But this should not lead one to jump upon the conclusion that because of this difference in contribution a particular discipline can be called a master social science. The meaning of which is that persons concerned use their official position or other means to achieve particular objectives to which they are not legally and normally entitled. As all of these sciences have their origin, their history and methodology, they are distinct political sciences. It deals with the nature and formation of the State and tries to understand various forms and functions of the Government, just as the scholars differ in regard to the definition of Political Science, so they differ in regard to its scope too. The state of nature was neither a political society nor a civilised one. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Every polis or city- state had its own form of government, administration, management etc and all these did not depend upon the size of the polis or city-state. As a matter of fact the scope of Political Science is so wide that it will not suffice to choose any one of the methods mentioned above. Must Read-Political Theory And Why Should We Study Political Theory? Ancient Greece was divided in small city-states. People experience many other relationships than power and authority, experience such as love, respect, purpose, dedication, shared beliefs, and so on. The late Mr. Lal Bahadur Shastri and late Prime Minister Mrs. Indi-a Gandhi and former Prime Minister Mr. Rajiv Gandhi also followed those very lines, Indian Government has always objected to the manufacture of Hydrogen Bombs. Similarly, other political experiments tried by the government could not prove a success. The modem political philosophers main concern is the study of great thinkers of the past, Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau. The production and distribution of these resources are to be preceded by definite policy on the part of the government or authority, cooperation among various agents involved in the production and distribution of resources. This is one of the most modern methods of dealing with political phenomena. But in spite of all these conditions and reservations, the scientific nature of Political Science does not suffer any set-back. Hence, man stands in urgent need of a well-governed State. In any society there are a number of groups of individuals whose objectives, mode of living and requirements may not be similar. The Statesmen of the world learnt from the defective working of the League of Nations and when they founded the U.N., they improved it considerably. Political science has ceased to be solely a science of statecraft in recent years. People do not develop a community of interests unless they live a settled life occupying a definite territory distinct from other communities similarly organized. Like other methods, the Philosophical Method also suffers from certain limitations. They also admit that the advantages of living together far outweigh the disadvantages. Arguments in Favour of the Scientism of Political Science: Aristotle, Bodin, Hobbes, Montesquieu, Cornwall Lewis, Sidgwick, Lord Bryce, Bluntschli and Jellinck are not satisfied with the arguments given against the scientism of Political Science. It gives certain idea about a thing. However, such an attitude has not been universally acclaimed and as a result state practically embraces all sorts of social activities. For the sake of general interest and greater welfare of the community the authority of the state very often interferes with the functions and management of civil society. Thus politics and economics are combined. Indian Constituent Assembly took a very great advantage of it and included, in Indian Constitution, many points, borrowed from foreign constitutions. I think that these two terms need to be clarified because of the fact that there are few subtle differences between the two. Political Philosophy thus deals with the fundamental problems of the nature of the State, citizenship, questions of duty and right and political ideas. Political beliefs are related with moral and ethical questions of the political activities and principles which are performed and followed by government, agencies, institutions and individuals. While on the other hand some of the new experiments tried by the government proved a great success. It empowers us to think differently about our society as a political as well as a social animal. The instances given above make it crystal clear that the politics of one country is very different from that of the others. Therefore, one is the complement of the other. In such a society, people are endowed with reason and because of that quality there arises disagreement and there are also procedures for the resolution of this conflict or disagreement. Thank you. Even in past in all types of society/state there existed politics. It is claimed that in the preparation of theory the researcher strictly follows what the facts reveal. He says that the political and related issues and events of society considerably influence political science. (c) Study of National and International Problems and the Political Study of Man: The term Political Science is intimately related to the English word Politics which itself has been derived from the Greek word Polis. Only then it will be possible for us to conclude whether Political Science is a science or not. View PSCI126_Political_Science-I.pdf from BFA 101 at Amity University. However, this narrow meaning has found out a secure place in the whole gamut of the subject. Several modern cities who are not willing to recognise the scientific character of Political Science, argue that the principles of Political Science are not absolute and universal. The next important method for dealing with the political phenomena is the Method of Observation. When Locke began to write his treatise liberal thought was about to flourish and because of that he strongly advocated for liberalism. The application of coercive method is also related to human decisions. Consequently, political institutions are themselves evaluated to see to what extent theory and practice diverge the present and the past values in varying degrees. All the methods discussed above are inductive in nature. In fact, there was a Chinese wall between the two. The State is imaginary and it is the Government that gives the State concrete shape. Raphael has clarified his stand. That is, the discussion of international relations involves both political and non-political issues. That is each discipline of social science contributes in its own way, according to its own ability and approach. It may require negotiation of one agent with another. The rules governing a society may be few or many. Aristotle, the world- famous Greek philosopher, however, excelled his teacher Plato and his teachers teacher Socrates. So It means a systematic study of political institutions, the political behavior of human beings, political systems, international relations, and all the issues related to power and authority. The opposition parties also criticise the government only on the basis of data. The present it is the gift of the past. There is no doubt that the functions and behaviour of all the above noted organs are changing with the change of time and attitude of men. Almond and Powell admit that the new developments are trends only and not as completed accomplishments. There is hardly a field of life which it does not regulate. Public affairs generally mean the affairs of various governmental organs such as the three arms of governmentthe police, the army and numerous public security arrangements. In international politics we are well acquainted with the term power politics. So it meets the needs of some people. So lets start. Cooperative Movement could not flourish in India as it did in West Germany. d. Study of political behavior of man- it may be said that the character of political science in all its parts is determined by its basic pre-supposition regarding man. It also tells us how we can become better citizens and w hat are our rights and duties. The resources of any society are scarce and for their proper distribution it is essential that the distributing authority must have power. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Thirdly, it is generally argued that the scientific methods of observation and experimentation are not possibly applicable to Political Science. But politics does not deal with this properly. Another glaring example that proves the absoluteness of the laws of science is that things spread in heat and shrink in cold. In other words no unit of any social system is an isolated one. The book attempts to widen the scope of inquiry in . Only the authority allocates or can allocate values and for that purpose it adopts policy: Values are allocated for society. On experience it has been found that the study and the recommendations are spread over all the branches of social science. The most favourite method of studying political phenomena among German political writers, is Juridical Method. Certain minimum conditions must be maintained so that the inhabitants of the society can live peacefully and comfortably and for that purpose it is essential that goods and services must be provided for all the members of the society. After his resignation, situation in Maharashtra deteriorated and at last Bombay had to be divided into two separate states, and named Maharashtra and Gujarat. Now-a-days by politics we generally mean the activities associated with the governance of a country or area. However, the nature or politics has assumed new forms and dimensions in different ages but politics still exists. After the analysis has been done they prepare proposition and this finally constitutes a theory. The material with which Political Science deals is totally different from the material with which other natural and physical sciences deal. But political science is quite satisfied with academic meanings. The relation between the two has been specifically mentioned by a recent critic. He deduces the theories which have little or no foundation in historical fact. According to Concise Dictionary of Politics, Political theory is critical systematic reflection about power in its public and private forms particularly about the claims of government to possess legitimacy and authority and more generally such reflection about the place of politics in social-life.. Model is another form through which ideas of political science are expressed. These concepts enunciated by Easton are so linked that they cannot be separated from each other. 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