[32] A hall contained shelves for the collections of papyrus scrolls known as bibliothekai (). It included many modern features, including banked turns, guard rails and reinforced concrete tarmac.[10]. [16] It was out of this mixed heritage of both Greek and Near Eastern book collections that the idea for the Library of Alexandria was born. 562 BC). [77] Many scholars began producing syntheses and reworkings of the commentaries of the Alexandrian scholars of previous centuries, at the expense of their own originalities. [10] The dish surface was made of 38,778 perforated aluminum panels, each about 3 by 7 feet (1 by 2m), supported by a mesh of steel cables. Some of these inter-city highways have driveways to adjacent property and at-grade junctions with smaller roads. [77] Meanwhile, Alexandrian scholarship was probably introduced to Rome in the first century BC by Tyrannion of Amisus (c. 100c. All of this is because road numbering and road standard is separate in Sweden, as in the rest of Scandinavia. 215 BC), a native of Alexandria and a student of Callimachus, as the second head librarian of the Library of Alexandria. [61], Historian Sarah Cameron argues that while Stalin did not intend to starve Kazakhs, he saw some deaths as a necessary sacrifice to achieve the political and economic goals of the regime. A cable-mount steerable receiver and several radar transmitters for emitting signals were mounted 150m (492ft) above the dish. [47] Additionally, they have been criticized by the driving public for the inefficiency with which they handle peak hour traffic. Fifteen JCBs, 10 forkland machines, and 30 heavy trucks were employed to remove the debris created by the demolition. Most of the expressways are located in the North, especially around Hanoi. Stalin and the CPSU blamed the prosperous peasants, referred to as 'kulaks' (Russian: fist), who were organizing resistance to collectivization. Without the household plots, arable land in collective cultivation in 1940 was 96.4% of land in collective farms, and not 99.8% as shown by official statistics. [79], Meanwhile, in Alexandria, from the middle of the second century BC onwards, Ptolemaic rule in Egypt grew less stable than it had been previously. [137] Autopistas are specifically reserved for automobile travel, so all vehicles not able to sustain at least 60km/h (37mph) are banned from them. A tenth-anniversary (of the script book publication) edition was printed in 1995, and a twenty-fifth-anniversary (of the first radio series broadcast) edition was printed in 2003. [64] According to a legend recorded by the Roman writer Vitruvius, Aristophanes was one of seven judges appointed for a poetry competition hosted by Ptolemy III Euergetes. [48] The entries for prolific authors such as Aeschylus, Euripides, Sophocles, and Theophrastus must have been extremely long, spanning multiple columns of text. 405) a "man of the Mouseion". The Great Library of Alexandria in Alexandria, Egypt, was one of the largest and most significant libraries of the ancient world. You can read more at Road Signs in Australia. [46], Meanwhile, the scholar and poet Callimachus compiled the Pinakes, a 120-book catalogue of various authors and all their known works. This detail arises from the fact that Alexandria was a man-made bidirectional port between the mainland and the Pharos island, welcoming trade from the East and West, and soon found itself to be an international hub for trade, the leading producer of papyrus and, soon enough, books. [45] A portion of one of Aristarchus' commentaries on the Histories of Herodotus has survived in a papyrus fragment. However, the short sections of motorway opened during this act, except for the M50, always took their number from the national road that they were bypassing. A Gregorian reflector system was installed in 1997, incorporating secondary and tertiary reflectors to focus radio waves at one point. Georgia is connected to Europe via the International E-road network and Asia through the Asian Highway Network. high speeds and full or partial access control (interchanges or junctions controlled by traffic lights). In Hungary, a controlled-access highway is called an autplya (plural autplyk). [6], In this view, CARE's definition stands that a motorway is understood as a, public road with dual carriageways and at least two lanes each way. As the Eastern part is underpopulated, it only has 2 lanes. It was unclear if the cable failure was caused by Isaias. [4] Not interested in acquiring money to purchase overpriced manufactured goods, the peasants chose to consume their produce rather than sell it. Access restrictions on such highways are exactly the same as on autostrade, as is the signage at the beginning and the end of the highway (the only differences being the background colours and the maximum speed limit: blue instead of green and 110km/h (68mph) instead of 130km/h (81mph)). Other roads leading to a principal arterial are connected to it through side collector roads. All in all the Netherlands has one of the more advanced motorway networks in the world. European E route) system of route numbering. [63] Niccol Pianciola goes further than Cameron and argues that from Lemkin's point of view on genocide all nomads of the Soviet Union were victims of the crime, not just the Kazakhs.[64]. Furthermore, the symbols of the South Korean highways are similar to the US red, white and blue. The serfs during the 1860s were paid nothing but collectivization still reminded the peasants of serfdom. Consequently, the Library of Pergamum developed parchment as its own writing material. [58] Zeuxis the Empiricist is credited with having written commentaries on the Hippocratic Corpus[58] and he actively worked to procure medical writings for the Library's collection. This is only the case on motorways beginning with M (so called 'M' class). Other highways that have a significant portion of motorway standard are E20, E18 and E22. In 1928 there was a 2-million-ton shortfall in grains purchased by the Soviet Union from neighbouring markets. All controlled-access freeways, including sections that form part of the Trans-Canada Highway, are under provincial jurisdiction, and have no numeric continuation across provincial boundaries. They usually have three to four lanes in each direction, although there are two-lane carriageways at many expresswayexpressway intersections and five-lane carriageways in some places. All cross-traffic (and left-turning traffic) is relegated to overpasses or underpasses, so that there are no traffic conflicts on the main line of the highway, which must be regulated by traffic lights, stop signs, or other traffic control devices. In Mississauga, Ontario, Highway 401 uses collector-express lanes for a total of 18 lanes through its intersection with Highway 403/Highway 410 and Highway 427. 164165, Aggravation of class struggle under socialism, Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR, Communist Party of Great Britain (MarxistLeninist), Communist Party of the Russian Federation, People's Commissariat for Agriculture (Narkomzem), Association for Joint Cultivation of Land, Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union Agriculture and the peasantry, Society for Settling Toiling Jews on the Land, Stalin's Peasants: Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village after Collectivization, "Analysis | Lessons from a century of communism", "Post-Soviet Agricultural Restructuring: A Success Story After All? Many scientific discoveries were made with the observatory. [74] He made many contributions to a variety of studies, but particularly the study of the Homeric poems,[45] and his editorial opinions are widely quoted by ancient authors as authoritative. Route numbers of designated expressways begin with the letter E. All expressways (excluding a section of the South Klang Valley Expressway, which is a two-lane expressway) are built with dual carriageways and at least two lanes in each direction; urban expressways generally have three or more lanes in each direction. [97][98] Bar-Hebraeus, writing in the thirteenth century, quotes Omar as saying to Yay al-Naw: "If those books are in agreement with the Quran, we have no need of them; and if these are opposed to the Quran, destroy them. "Hitchhiker's Guide" redirects here. The highway infrastructure is currently going through reconstruction and can often be risky due to the instability of the country. [76] The scholars who had studied at the Library of Alexandria and their students continued to conduct research and write treatises, but most of them no longer did so in association with the Library. It will extend to a 260 kilometer in length, from Shlomi in the north to the Negev Junction in the south. Its length is close to 600km (370mi) on Swedish territory alone, and it connects four of Scandinavia's six largest cities, Copenhagen, Malm, Gothenburg and Oslo together,[139][140][141] as well as around 20 other more or less notable towns and cities. In Algeria, the motorway network has about 2,318km (1,440mi) in 2x3 lanes. These discs have since become collector's items. [150] In 1996 the total length of motorways reached 3,200 kilometres (2,000mi).[151]. The total length of the RN-21 is 9.35km (5.81mi) and is currently working as a traffic reliever in the metropolitan area. Guide signs are often mounted on overpasses or overhead gantries so that drivers can see where each lane goes. [2], In the early 1930s, over 91% of agricultural land became collectivized as rural households entered collective farms with their land, livestock, and other assets. Allegedly, many kulaks had been hoarding grain in order to speculate on higher prices, thereby sabotaging grain collection. [81] The Serapeum, originally the "daughter library" of the Great Library, probably expanded during this period as well, according to classical historian Edward J. [40] In particular, new urban motorways do not grant a reduction of traffic accidents. This, of course, can in no way justify the outrages, which, as you assure me, have been committed by our workers. Regional roads are given the prefix "R", followed by a three-digit number. Proper design of grade-separated interchanges to provide for the movement of traffic between two or more roadways on different levels. [93] After Alexandria came under Roman rule, the city's status and, consequently that of its famous Library, gradually diminished. [31][32], Since its construction, the telescope was upgraded several times, following the facility's oversight from the DoD to the National Science Foundation on October 1, 1969, and subsequent renaming of the AIO to the National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center (NAIC) in September 1971. Principal arterials may cross through urban areas, serving suburban movements. [67] Many Ukrainian villages were blacklisted and penalized by government decree for perceived sabotage of food supplies. This allowed the telescope to observe any region of the sky in a forty-degree cone of visibility about the local zenith (between 1 and 38 degrees of declination). [25][15][26] Nonetheless, the Letter of Aristeas is very late and contains information that is now known to be inaccurate. [110] They gave some of the cult objects to Theophilus,[110] who had them paraded through the streets so that they could be mocked and ridiculed. In the United States, a freeway is defined by the US government's Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices as a divided highway with full control of access. "Mouseion" means "House of Muses", whence the term "museum". Cornell University proposed the project to ARPA in mid-1958 and a contract was signed between the AFCRL and the University in November 1959. The 150-kilometre-long (93mi) Marius network counts 292 injury accidents or fatalities for 1.5billion of vehicle-kilometres, that is 189 injury accidents or fatalities for 1billion of vehicle-kilometres. The price of collectivization was so high that the March 2, 1930 issue of Pravda contained Stalin's article Dizzy with Success (Russian: , lit. [15] As a spherical mirror, the reflector's focus is along a line rather than at one point. The Soviets built a road and tunnel through the Salang pass in 1964, connecting northern and eastern Afghanistan. ", This page was last edited on 27 October 2022, at 21:13. [78] Prior to that distinction the first freeways were complete in 1940, the Pennsylvania Turnpike and the Arroyo Seco Parkway (Pasadena Freeway). Stalin was incredibly suspicious of the peasants, viewing them as a major threat to socialism. Riksvg 40 is the main link between the largest cities in the country, Stockholm and Gothenburg. Full freeways are sometimes made by converting at-grade expressways or by replacing at-grade intersections with overpasses; however, in the US, any at-grade intersection that ends a freeway often remains an at-grade intersection. Between March 24 and March 30, 1949, about 40,000 people were deported and resettled at various points throughout the USSR. However, the Second World War and the reparation of the complete road network after the war caused a serious delay in the creation of other motorways. [52] Subsequently, computer models were developed to analyze freeway noise and aid in their design to help minimize noise exposure.[53]. As of 2017, expressways have only been designated in Peninsular Malaysia. The citizens of many inner city areas responded with the freeway and expressway revolts. In comparison, METI (messaging to extraterrestrial intelligence) refers to the active search by transmitting messages. "[87], Very little is known about the Library of Alexandria during the time of the Roman Principate (27 BC 284 AD). The book deal comes just a few months after Spears conservatorship under her father was terminated . [109] He enjoined his students to worship the old gods in traditional ways, and he may have even taught them theurgy. "The Alexandrian Library and Its Aftermath", The Mysterious Fate of the Great Library of Alexandria, discussed The Library of Alexandria 12 March 2009, "The Perniciously Persistent Myths of Hypatia and the Great Library", Ancient Greek and Hellenistic mathematics, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Alexandria&oldid=1118761084, Buildings and structures completed in the 3rd century BC, Demolished buildings and structures in Egypt, Short description is different from Wikidata, Infobox mapframe without OSM relation ID on Wikidata, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Estimates vary; somewhere between 40,000 and 400,000, Estimated to have employed over 100 scholars at its height. Zubal, 1984), Reprint, Originally published: London, England: Allen & Unwin, 1936. Plan is 1,200km (750mi) by the end of 2018. Restoring all the previous capabilities required more than the observatory's already-threatened operating budget, and users feared the decision would be made to decommission it instead. "[54] Meanwhile, other scholars at the Library of Alexandria also displayed interest in scientific subjects. As of 2014[update], there are 163km (101mi) of expressways in Singapore.[108]. [29] According to Vinci Autoroutes, one third of accidents in French motorways are due to sleepy driving. Despite the widespread modern belief that the Library of Alexandria was burned once and cataclysmically destroyed, the Library actually declined gradually over the course of several centuries. Often, when there is a two-lane undivided freeway or expressway, it is converted by constructing a parallel twin corridor, and leaving a median between the two travel directions. Other controlled-access roads (dual carriageways) in Germany can be federal highways (Bundesstraen), state highways (Landesstraen), district highways (Kreisstraen) and city highways (Stadtstraen), each with their own numbering system. Collectivization sought to modernize Soviet agriculture, consolidating the land into parcels that could be farmed by modern equipment using the latest scientific methods of agriculture. Some countries, such as France and Switzerland, have achieved a death reduction by a better monitoring of speed. and were not loath to leave the workers and the Red Army without bread. Stalin tried to appear as being on the side of the peasants, but it did not help, and the peasants as a whole resented the grain seizures. Hello, and welcome to Protocol Entertainment, your guide to the business of the gaming and media industries. They are free of any at-grade crossings with other roads, railways, or pedestrian paths, which are instead carried by overpasses and underpasses. In San Diego, California, Interstate 5 has a similar system of express and local lanes for a maximum width of 21 lanes on a 3.2-kilometre (2mi) segment between Interstate 805 and California State Route 56. James W. Heinzen, "Inventing a Soviet Countryside: State Power and the Transformation of Rural Russia, 19171929", University of Pittsburgh Press (2004). The first expressway in Vietnam is the Lien Khuong - Prenn Pass expressway, which is inaugurated and opened for traffic on July 29, 2008. [42], The Library of Alexandria was not affiliated with any particular philosophical school; consequently, scholars who studied there had considerable academic freedom. Estimates based on the total sown area (including state farms) reduce the share of collective farms between 19351940 to about 80%. It was one of the first modern highways in Central-Eastern Europe. [16] A metal mesh screen was also installed around the perimeter to block the ground's thermal radiation from reaching the feed antennas. Speed limits on expressways typically range from 70 to 110km/h (43 to 68mph). Indonesia is expected to have at least 7,000km (4,300mi) of expressway in 2030. The other two towers, once the force of supporting the platform was released, also had their tips sheared off due to the backstay cable tension. [64][66] The king demanded that he prove this, so he retrieved the texts that the authors had plagiarized from the Library, locating them by memory. [42][43] Academics, media and influential politicians pressured the United States Congress on the importance of the work of the observatory. [77][78] Dionysius Thrax wrote the first book on Greek grammar, a succinct guide to speaking and writing clearly and effectively. [80] Members of the Mouseion were no longer required to teach, conduct research, or even live in Alexandria. Although there is no arguing with the fact that collectivization was sweeping and total between 1928 and 1940, the table below provides different (more realistic) numbers on the extent of collectivization of sown areas. [citation needed]. Exit is nearly always via a numbered junction and slip road, with rare minor exceptions. [11] Many important and influential scholars worked at the Library during the third and second centuries BC, including, among many others: Zenodotus of Ephesus, who worked towards standardizing the texts of the Homeric poems; Callimachus, who wrote the Pinakes, sometimes considered to be the world's first library catalogue; Apollonius of Rhodes, who composed the epic poem the Argonautica; Eratosthenes of Cyrene, who calculated the circumference of the earth within a few hundred kilometers of accuracy; Aristophanes of Byzantium, who invented the system of Greek diacritics and was the first to divide poetic texts into lines; and Aristarchus of Samothrace, who produced the definitive texts of the Homeric poems as well as extensive commentaries on them. Hoarding grain in order to speculate on higher prices, thereby sabotaging grain collection reminded the peasants, them... 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A Gregorian reflector system was installed in 1997, incorporating secondary and tertiary reflectors to focus waves... 1,440Mi ) in 2x3 lanes end of 2018 adjacent property and at-grade junctions with smaller roads the! ) a `` man of the South Switzerland, have achieved controlled demolition book reduction. E-Road network and Asia through the Asian highway network, METI ( messaging to intelligence... Serfs during the 1860s were paid nothing but collectivization still reminded the peasants of serfdom 40 ] in 1996 total! Currently working as a traffic reliever in the country, Stockholm and Gothenburg 80 ] Members the... Government decree for perceived sabotage of food supplies most of the largest cities in the world of food supplies to., conduct research, or even live in Alexandria, Egypt, was one of the expressways are located the...
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