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The posthumous reputation of Henry VII,", Breen, Dan. Maimonides, for example, wrote his magnum opus The Guide for the Perplexed in Arabic with 12. A popular art form that was used as the Medieval period progressed was the creation of relief sculptures. She is also the winner of the 1989 Cheltenham Prize for her collection On Ballycastle Beach, and has translated into English (with Eilan N Chuilleanin) The Water Horse (1999), a selection of poems in Irish by Nuala N Dhomhnaill. The daily lives between these two social groups were thus vastly different, as the upper-class experienced wealth, power, and status, while the lower class were expected to serve others. Painted wooden ceiling of the Oude Kerk (church) in Amsterdam; Book coverof the Coronation Evangeliar, part of the Imperial Regalia of the Holy Roman Empire (HRE), by, Fresco of a Christian Agape feast showing the. [60] She was forced to abdicate in favour of her infant son James VI; she fled to England, where Elizabeth confined her in house arrest for 19 years. 1294-end and index, This page was last edited on 23 September 2022, at 16:53. His short story "Light of Other Days" was a Hugo Award nominee in 1967, as was his novel The Ragged Astronauts in 1987. As noted earlier, the foremost literary tongues of the Renaissance/Reformation period were Italian, French, Spanish, and English. Complaints about the monasteries and the bishops were uncommon. Lewycky, Nadine. 1800-present, the novel has thrived as the leading form of Western literature. The word Renaissance is a French word, whose literal translation into English is "Rebirth". [6] Critics also argue that there is no separate style or genre, such as sentimental-domestic fiction, distinguished by gender. in 1547. John Knox attacked her in his First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women (1558), and she was prominently vilified in Actes and Monuments (1563), by John Foxe. Due to its extensive time frame, Medieval Art experimented with a variety of genres that helped broaden its range, which has allowed the movement to stand as evidence to the progression of art. Romanticism (also known as the Romantic movement or Romantic era) was an artistic, literary, musical, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century, and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850. The sheriff held court every month to deal with civil and criminal cases. Unfortunately, most of the artwork created during this period has since been destroyed, along with the exquisite mosaics and fresco paintings that adorned the churches. 19, pt. In the late 20th century the Ulster Scots poetic tradition was revived, albeit often replacing the traditional Modern Scots orthographic practice with a series of contradictory idiolects. Patrick Kavanagh (19041967), who came from a small farm, wrote about the narrowness and frustrations of rural life. It lacked a useful strategy. [13] At that level a certain number of women were literate, and some were contributors to an unofficial corpus of courtly love poetry known as dnta grdha. 15381547 and undated. Henry David Thoreau's Walden, and the period of the Renaissance. Therefore, the first generations of humanists did not dedicate much care to the orthography till the late sixteenth and seventeenth century. The history of literature is the historical development of writings in prose or poetry that attempt to provide entertainment, enlightenment, or instruction to the reader/listener/observer, as well as the development of the literary techniques used in the communication of these pieces. [73] During the civil wars of the mid-17th century, the Lord Lieutenant played an even more important role in mobilising his county either for king or for Parliament.[74]. One of the most iconic religious paintings created during this time was Last Supper by Giotto di Bondone, painted in 1306. Claude Goudimel, a Protestant composer most noted for his Calvinist-inspired psalm settings, was murdered in Lyon during the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. Neoclassical literature was written between 1660 and 1798. The humanists condemned the large body of medieval Latin literature as "Gothic"for them, a term of abuseand believed instead that only ancient Latin from the Roman period was "real Latin". Located in Germany, the Palatine Chapel was a Medieval chapel that was consecrated by Pope Leo III in 805 A.D. to honor the Virgin Mary. The Renaissance was a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic rebirth following the Middle Ages. [47] Subsequently, he was drawn to the "intellectually more vigorous" poetry of John Donne, along with Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot, and became one of the greatest 20th-century modernist poets. O'Nolan was bilingual and his fiction clearly shows the mark of the native tradition, particularly in the imaginative quality of his storytelling and the biting edge of his satire in works such as An Bal Bocht. Working closely with Thomas Cramner, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Dudley pursued an aggressively Protestant religious policy. 1400-1600, the roots of the movement lie in the fourteenth century. 11. 13, pt. He was awarded the James Tait Black Memorial Prize in 1975 and the inaugural Sunday Express Book of the Year award in 1987, and he was shortlisted for the Booker Prize three times (in 1976, 1987 and 1990). Historians agree that Wolsey was a disappointment. 1540, Jan.-Aug.- Vol. The Medieval Art era eventually came to an end with the emergence of the Renaissance period of art, which saw a recovery of the skills and values associated with classical art that had been scorned for some centuries. 1545, Jan.-July.- Vol. p. 3. The firm humanism of Boccaccio's work (e.g. After Cromwell's fall, William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester, the Lord Treasurer, produced further reforms to simplify the arrangements, reforms which united most of the crown's finance under the exchequer. The Tudor period occurred between 1485 and 1603 in England and Wales and includes the Elizabethan period during the reign of Elizabeth I until 1603. 1544, Jan.-July.- Vol. De Brn, Pdraig and Buachalla, Breandn and Concheanainn, Toms (1975 second printing). He was in charge of mobilising the militia if necessary for defence, or to assist the king in military operations. Boccaccio, the greatest writer of Italian prose, is renowned chiefly for the Decameron, a collection of one hundred short stories. The ascension of Henry IV of France to the throne brought a period of massive urban development in Paris, including construction on the Pont Neuf, the Place des Vosges (called the "Place Royale"), the Place Dauphine, and parts of the Louvre (amongst which the Great Gallery). 1. 1457, r. 14851509). [68] Ciarn Carson's poem Belfast Confetti, about the aftermath of an IRA bomb, won The Irish Times Irish Literature Prize for Poetry in 1990. Every noble family possessed a body of manuscripts containing genealogical and other material, and the work of the best poets was used for teaching purposes in the bardic schools. Langston Hughes was a central figure in the Harlem Renaissance, the flowering of black intellectual, literary, and artistic life that took place in the 1920s in a number of American cities, particularly Harlem. The 1920s were a period of literary creativity, and works of several notable authors appeared during the period. [38] A tradition of poetry and prose in Ulster Scots began around 1720. In the Western world, the novel first emerged as a minor genre of literature in ancient Greece and Rome. There was a resurgence of interest in the Irish language in the late 19th century with the Gaelic Revival. 1 1543, Jan.-July.- Vol. Renaissance authors embraced humanism by injecting a measure of realism (physical, social, emotional) into the characters, plots, and settings of this new literature, distinguishing it from medieval work (which lacked such realism). It was commissioned by Pius IV of the Medici di Marignano;Carlo DellOrto, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons. (1996). [50], A group of early 20th-century Irish poets worth noting are those associated with the Easter Rising of 1916. This is especially true of literature, the earliest field of Renaissance endeavour. A photograph of the Hagia Sophia, built in 537 A.D.;Ali Rza Paa, -1907, photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. Bishop Gardiner was discredited, and the Duke of Norfolk was imprisoned for all of the new king's reign. The upshot was years of struggle for control of the throne, nominally held by the infant King James V (15121542, r. 151342), until he came of age in 1528. 1538, Aug.-Dec.- Vol. The thematic center of the American Renaissance was what Matthiessen called the "devotion" of all five of his writers to "the possibilities of democracy". Selling the land to the gentry at a bargain price brought in 1 million in one-time revenue and gave the gentry a stake in the administration. Due to its structural design, the Hagia Sophia is believed to be the epitome of Byzantine architecture, as it is also one of the greatest surviving architectural examples from this period. John Greenleaf Whittier among others. The best known of that generation was possibly Michael Hartnett (19411999), who wrote both in Irish and English, abandoning the latter altogether for a time. Medieval artists used ivory as their primary medium and sculpted complex designs on book covers, caskets, panels, doors, and devotional items. Langston Hughes was a central figure in the Harlem Renaissance, the flowering of black intellectual, literary, and artistic life that took place in the 1920s in a number of American cities, particularly Harlem. However, while early Medieval Art preserved some forms and techniques from the past, such as stylistic elements taken from the Classical world, the movement also began to develop new forms and styles that went on to permanently change the art world. (1974 fourth printing). The accomplishments of artists during the movement have gone on to greatly influence the development of modern genres of Western art that have since emerged. The reigns of Francis I of France (from 1515 to 1547) and his son Henry II (from 1547 to 1559) are generally considered the apex of the French Renaissance. While the Renaissance took place mainly within the period ca. Fourth is the Historical Cycle, or Cycle of the Kings. The structure of the dome, which resembled an octagonal cloister vault, borrowed heavily from the Roman period of art through its techniques. ", Freeman, Thomas S. "'Restoration and Reaction: Reinterpreting the Marian Church'. These works influenced artisans of lesser-known arts, like blacksmiths, locksmiths, shoemakers, and weavers, who imitated the Medieval style in the objects they manufactured. Eliot and Flann O'Brien, and Cogad Gedel re Gallaib (The War of the Irish with the Foreigners), which tells of Brian Boru's wars against the Vikings. Examples can be found in O'Rahilly (2000). [12], Women were largely excluded from the official literature, though female aristocrats could be patrons in their own right. The majority of the artworks contained holy and spiritual references, as the subject matter tended to portray Biblical scenes. Samuel Beckett, who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1969, is one of the great figures in 20th-century world literature. Churches and palaces that were decorated using both relief sculptures, frescoes, and mosaics became a common sight in the early Medieval Art world. Taking ownership meant the rents went to the king. [22] As well as Irish mythology there were also adaptations into Middle Irish of Classical mythological tales such as Togail Tro (The Destruction of Troy, adapted from Daretis Phrygii de excidio Trojae historia, purportedly by Dares Phrygius),[23] Togail na Tebe (The Destruction of Thebes, from Statius' Thebaid)[24] and Imtheachta niasa (from Virgil's Aeneid).[25]. They might include material several centuries old. Elizabeth first sent money, then sent artillery, then sent a fleet that destroyed the French fleet in Scotland. "Early Modern Historiography. George Moore spent much of his early career in Paris and was one of the first writers to use the techniques of the French realist novelists in English. [37], In Ulster Scots-speaking areas the work of Scottish poets, such as Allan Ramsay (16861758) and Robert Burns (175996), was very popular, often in locally printed editions. Meantime, the descendants of Scottish settlers in Ulster formed the Ulster-Scots writing tradition, having an especially strong tradition of rhyming poetry. Another stunning type of art that was prevalent during the Medieval era was the art of stained glass. Henry VIII spent heavily on luxuries, such as tapestries and palaces, but his peacetime budget was generally satisfactory. 1457, r. 14851509). [34], Jonathan Swift (16671745), a powerful and versatile satirist, was Ireland's first earliest notable writer in English. Among the rhyming weavers were James Campbell (17581818), James Orr (17701816), Thomas Beggs (17491847). The latter part of the nineteenth century saw a rapid replacement of Irish by English in the greater part of the country, largely due to the Great Famine and the subsequent decimation of the Irish population by starvation and emigration. Most of the main writers associated with the American Renaissance were actually rather unknown during this time and had small followings. "The Reign of Mary Tudor: Historiography and Research.". [7][8], Henry VII, founder of the House of Tudor, became King of England by defeating King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, the culmination of the Wars of the Roses. These weaver poets looked to Scotland for their cultural and literary models but were not simple imitators. His body of work was widely appreciated by the public during his lifetime. Many notable polymaths lived during the Being seen as a great achievement of late antiquity, its architectural and eucharistic influence spread throughout both Eastern and Western Christianity and Islam. John Cramsie, in reviewing the recent scholarship in 2003, argues: Elizabeth remained a strong leader, but almost all of her earlier advisers had died or retired. Montaigne's essays, written over the late sixteenth century, explore such profound human themes as friendship, ethics, and death.7, Spanish literature culminated during the Spanish Golden Age (ca. Bland, A.E., P.A. Failed harvests increased public discontent. It was one of the symbols of the office for the Archbishop of Armagh. 17. The beginning of the Medieval era was considered to be the Dark Ages, with Byzantine art existing as the primary type of art used by artists from the Eastern Roman Empire. Literally "the act of contorting, a distortion" (. Somerset?) The chanson in the early 16th century was characterised by a dactylic opening (long, short-short) and contrapuntal style which was later adopted by the Italian canzona, the predecessor of the sonata. While the Renaissance took place mainly within the period ca. 1. A photograph of the exterior of Capella Palatina. [42][43], Mary was the daughter of Henry VIII by Catherine of Aragon; she closely identified with her Catholic, Spanish heritage. At the time the conservative faction, led by Bishop Stephen Gardiner and Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk that was oppose to religious reformation seemed to be in power, and was poised to take control of the regency of the nine-year-old boy who was heir to the throne. Reliquary Plaque of an Evangelist. Supporting rebels against the lawful ruler violated Elizabeth's deeply held claims to the legitimacy of all royalty. [56] He was a leading authority on Mid Ulster English (the predominant dialect of Ulster). Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald was an American writer of novels and short stories, whose works have been seen as evocative of the Jazz Age, a term he himself allegedly coined. The Carolingian Renaissance was the first of three medieval renaissances, a period of cultural activity in the Carolingian Empire.It occurred from the late 8th century to the 9th century, taking inspiration from the Christian Roman Empire of the fourth century. This period also saw remarkable autobiographies from the remote Irish-speaking areas of the south-west those of Toms Criomhthain (18581937), Peig Sayers (18731958) and Muiris Silleabhin (19041950). [93] Of these, Da, which originated off-off-Broadway at the Hudson Guild Theatre before transferring to the Morosco Theatre, was the most successful, running for 20 months and 697 performances, then touring the United States for ten months. [1] At the end of the century, however, cultural nationalism displayed a new energy, marked by the Gaelic Revival (which encouraged a modern literature in Irish) and more generally by the Irish Literary Revival. This move toward expressing nationalism through literature is considered central to the emergence of the American Renaissance. The artworks that have survived throughout the centuries, most notably sculptures and architecture, belong to artists who produced what was considered to be late Medieval art. Due to this, a distinction existed between the two, which was only bridged by the presence of religion. [3] As a French citizen and historian, Michelet also claimed the Renaissance as a French movement.[4]. Renaissance technology was the set of European artifacts and inventions which spread through the Renaissance period, roughly the 14th century through the 16th century. [23] Cromwell (14851540)[24] replaced medieval government-as-household-management. 1546, Sept.-1547, Jan.- Addenda: Vol. "[66] He was awarded the Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry in 2001. A famous long poem from the beginning of the century is Cirt an Mhen Oche (The Midnight Court), a vigorous and inventive satire by Brian Merriman from County Clare. It was followed by Juno and the Paycock (1924) and The Plough and the Stars (1926). Other noteworthy writers from Northern Ireland include poet Robert Greacen (19202008), novelist Bob Shaw (193196),[85] and science fiction novelist Ian McDonald (1960). 21, pt. Renaissance, (French: Rebirth) period in European civilization immediately following the Middle Ages and conventionally held to have been characterized by a surge of interest in Classical scholarship and values. Chteau de Chenonceau (1515-1521), designed by Philibert de l'Orme, The Pierre Lescot wing of the Louvre (1546-1556). 1534.- Vol. The Medieval Art period lasted for ten centuries and covered an enormous scope of time and place, which meant that many different styles and forms of art were experimented with and included. Born in Strabane, County Tyrone, he also is regarded as a key figure in postmodern literature. All the decisions were to be made in England, ultimately by the King himself, and in practice by top aides such as Cardinal Wolsey and Thomas Cromwell. [79], The House of Tudor produced five monarchs who ruled during this reign. Before that time a simple writing system known as "ogham" was used for inscriptions. He was appointed for a one-year term, with no renewals, by the King's Privy Council. The long-standing cultural and political division led to sectarian violence in the late 1960s known as The Troubles, which officially ended in 1998, though sporadic violence has continued. Scholars no longer believe that the Renaissance marked an abrupt break with medieval values, as is suggested by A more critical approach was initiated by M. L. Bush and Dale Hoak in the mid-1970s. 14, pt [i.e. [48] Her re-establishment of Roman Catholicism was reversed by her younger half-sister and successor Elizabeth I. Protestant writers at the time took a highly negative view, blasting her as "Bloody Mary". The Late Middle Ages followed the High Middle Ages and preceded the onset of the early modern period (and in much of Europe, the Renaissance).. Around 1300, centuries of prosperity and growth in Europe came to a halt. [51] It was to be Yeats' earlier Celtic mode that was to be most influential. The interpretation by Geoffrey Elton in 1960 is representative of the orthodox interpretation. He inherited seven small warships from his father, and added two dozen more by 1514. Shepherds Songs: Generic Variation in Renaissance Latin Epic. In, Houghton, L. B. T. 2013. Elizabeth's reign marks the decisive turning point in English religious history, as a predominantly Catholic nation at the beginning of her reign was predominantly Protestant by the end. Nos. In addition to these various styles, each region within Europe exhibited an artistic style in a very distinct way, meaning that some Medieval Art pieces varied greatly from region to region despite being created within the same time period. C. S. Lewis (18981963) and Louis MacNeice (190763) are two writers who were born and raised in Northern Ireland, but whose careers took them to England. [95] It was made into a film in 1988. It was the most powerful naval force to date in English history: 24 ships led by the 1600 ton "Henry Imperial"; the fleet carried 5000 combat marines and 3000 sailors. The chanson was a variety of secular song, of highly varied character, and which included some of the most overwhelmingly popular music of the 16th century: indeed many chansons were sung all over Europe. The American Renaissance period in American literature ran from about 1830 to around the Civil War. With the rise of the Irish Free State and the Republic of Ireland, more novelists from the lower social classes began to emerge. A major poet, Hughes also wrote novels, short stories, essays, and plays. The Medieval Art period covers an immense range of time and place, as it incorporates over 1000 years of art history within Europe. She fled and organised a band of supporters, who proclaimed her Queen across the country. [14], Prose continued to be cultivated in the medieval period in the form of tales. Finally Elizabeth caught her plotting the Babington Plot and had her executed in 1587.[61][62]. [31], Access to the printing press was hindered in the 1500s and 1600s by official caution, although an Irish version of the Bible (known as Bedell's Bible after the Anglican clergyman who commissioned it) was published in the 17th century. DAmico, John F. 1984. This is especially true of literature, the earliest field of Renaissance endeavour. The Burgundian style gave birth to the Franco-Flemish style of polyphony which dominated European music in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. This manuscript, which blends Anglo-Saxon, Celtic, and Mediterranean elements, is made up of the four Christian gospels, Matthew, Luke, Mark, and John. More recently historians have emphasised that the king and others played powerful roles as well. These art forms were all said to have higher survival rates than fresco wall paintings and works made out of precious metals, despite them being extremely popular during Medieval Art. the realistic speech and behaviour of his characters) secure his place as a distinctly Renaissance author.3, One of the most prominent consequences of the humanist outlook is optimism in human potential. Ligier Richier, Lamentation of Christ, Church of St. tienne, Saint-Mihiel. Virgin and Child, ivory, first half of the 14th century;Vassil, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. Religion was dropped as the most important element within art, as these new subject matters included animals and mythic scenes. Well after the introduction of printing to Ireland, works in Irish continued to be disseminated in manuscript form. The manuscript was the work of a scribe named Ferdomnach of Armagh (died 845 or 846). Perhaps best known for his plays, he also wrote works of fiction, including Watt (1953) and his trilogy Molloy (1951), Malone Dies (1956) and The Unnamable (1960), all three of which were first written, and published, in French. The Tudor period occurred between 1485 and 1603 in England and Wales and includes the Elizabethan period during the reign of Elizabeth I until 1603. McCaffrey, Wallace. Existing as one of the greatest examples of Insular Art, the Lindisfarne Gospels is an illuminated manuscript gospel book that was written in a monastery in Lindisfarne in North East England. [54], Irish poetic Modernism took its lead not from Yeats but from Joyce. [26] This was an age of social and political tension, as expressed by the poet Dibh Bruadair and the anonymous authors of Pairliment Chloinne Tomis, a prose satire on the aspirations of the lower classes. The English language was introduced to Ireland in the thirteenth century, following the Norman invasion of Ireland. In 1559 the Regent became alarmed that widespread Scottish hostility against French rule was strengthening the partisan cause, so she banned unauthorised preaching. [78], The Tudor myth is a particular tradition in English history, historiography, and literature that presents the period of the 15th century, including the Wars of the Roses, as a Dark Age of anarchy and bloodshed, and sees the Tudor period of the 16th century as a golden age of peace, law, order, and prosperity. Richard de Montbaston, from Jacobus de Voragine, Legenda aurea (traduction de Jean de Vignay), France, Paris, What Is Impasto in Art? This page was last edited on 26 June 2022, at 14:49. prose, with verse interpolations expressing heightened emotion. Matthiessen and other scholars are even known to exclude women and minority authors, especially African Americans. Scots, mainly Gaelic-speaking, had been settling in Ulster since the 15th century, but large numbers of Scots-speaking Lowlanders, some 200,000, arrived during the 17th century following the 1610 Plantation, with the peak reached during the 1690s. ", Trimble, William Raleigh. Gothic art was characterized by the use of brighter colors, dimensions, and perspective, as it demonstrated a pointed move back towards realism. [52] Although Mary's rule was ultimately ineffectual and unpopular, her innovations regarding fiscal reform, naval expansion, and colonial exploration were later lauded as Elizabethan accomplishments. 4, pt. [38] The most prominent being the 'rhyming weaver' poetry, publication of which began after 1750, though a broadsheet was published in Strabane in 1735.[39]. "The English Reformation After Revisionism. Leonardo da Vinci has often been described as the archetype of the Renaissance man, a man of "unquenchable curiosity" and "feverishly inventive imagination". The term was first used and defined by French historian Jules Michelet (17981874) in his 1855 work Histoire de France (History of France). This led to the publication of thousands of books and pamphlets in Irish, providing the foundation of a new literature in the coming decades.[42]. His faith had a profound effect on his work, and his wartime radio broadcasts on the subject of Christianity brought him wide acclaim. On the other hand, a French victory in Scotland would establish a Catholic state on the northern border supported by a powerful French enemy. Denis Johnston's most famous plays are The Old Lady Says No! Growing out of Romanesque art, the Gothic period emerged when the Abbey Church of Saint-Denis in France was being renovated. The kings backed the popes and by the time Luther appeared on the scene, England was among the strongest supporters of orthodox Catholicism, and seemed a most unlikely place for a religious revolution. He presented the American Renaissance texts as "literature for our democracy and challenged the nation to repossess them. 1500-1800; Cervantes' masterpiece, Don Quixote (published in the early seventeenth century), is considered the greatest and most influential novel of this period. 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[ 61 ] [ 62 ] five monarchs ruled... ], a distortion '' ( a French word, whose literal translation into English is `` Rebirth '' greatest... Therefore, the Gothic period emerged when the Abbey Church of Saint-Denis in was! The bishops were uncommon world literature the Franco-Flemish style of polyphony which European! Pdraig and Buachalla, Breandn and Concheanainn, Toms ( 1975 second printing ) for example, about! Can be found in O'Rahilly ( 2000 ) painted in 1306 Irish language in fourteenth! Of Norfolk was imprisoned for all of the Kings 2022, at 14:49. prose, with renewals!, essays, and his wartime radio broadcasts on the subject of brought!, County Tyrone, he also is regarded as a French citizen and historian, Michelet also claimed the as! Style gave birth to the orthography till the late 19th century with the rise of the symbols the! The Perplexed in Arabic with 12 1559 the Regent became alarmed that widespread Scottish against... '' ( poets worth noting are those associated with the American Renaissance texts as `` literature for our democracy challenged. Pius IV of the Renaissance took place mainly within the period of European,! Period in the Western world, the descendants of Scottish settlers in Ulster began! A minor genre of literature, though female aristocrats could be patrons their!, which resembled an octagonal cloister vault, borrowed heavily from the Roman period art!, which was only bridged by the renaissance literature time period during his lifetime the 's. Irish continued to be disseminated in manuscript form created during this time was last edited on 26 June,... Late 15th and early 16th centuries associated with the Easter Rising of 1916 supporters, who proclaimed her Queen the.
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