Subjects, data and videotapes. The Grounded Theory Review 6 (2):1-22. The 25 minutes of videotaped observational data in this study detailed more than 1000 incidents comprising 36,000 data points. This difficulty is magnified for people with profound intellectual and multiple disability (PIMD), who are confronted with many challenges in living their daily lives. Each pair (dyad of staff and person with PIMD) was observed for one hour, engaged in activities such as playing games, singing stories, painting and participating in gross motor activities such as throwing a ball and walking. (1998). The nature of people with such severe disabilities is that they cannot interact in an ordinarily recognised manner; they have little or no speech and their non-verbal behaviours tend to be idiosyncratic. Furthermore, it appeared that these virtues would facilitate the emergence of an accurate understanding of the patterns of behaviour that were embedded in the data. Thus attuning may be regarded as a dynamic process that describes how the communication partners move towards or away from each other cognitively and affectively. ISSN: 1556-1550. Two principles of communication: co-regulation and framing. Detailed descriptions of every action, pose, posture, movement, gesture and vocalisation of the participants were made. See what I mean: interpreting the meaning of communications by people with severe and profound intellectual disabilities. Schonfeld made a videotape of a case study of one student engaged in a graphic educational computer game that attempted to understand virtually all the actions taken in a problem session and the mental states that lay behind them (Schonfeld, 1992, p. 182). London. Caldwell P. (2007). Interpreted data and vaguing out are the least accurate data form. Videotaped recording as a method off participant observation in psychiatric nursing research. Such detailed analysis allowed the synchrony in the interaction process to become clear, as well as the relationship between motor movements of both persons to become evident as the movements of each developed and decayed. (1993). This study collected interactional data. Issues in the analysis of data in the form of videotapes. There were two limitations in this study to the use of video. Some weapons come pre-augmented, such as the Mint Mace, Salt Morning Star, Spicy Coaltana, and . That view is an interpretation of the behavioural evidence. (1967). We invite you to submit your paper for consideration for the next issue of Grounded Theory Review, which is published in late December and June each year. The key issue then is that both the person with the intellectual disability and the person who does not have the disability are predisposed to mutually misinterpret each others communications. Thus, it facilitated the emergence of a theory explaining how the participants met the main concern. Video recording was integral to the research method and as such it is recommended as a mechanism for the investigation of interaction particularly in situations where the nature of the interaction is obscure. Some weapons come pre-augmented, such as the Mint Mace, Salt Morning Star, Spicy Coaltana, and all elemental arrows. Such challenges centre around how to comprehend the world that they live in. The strengths and weaknesses of the use of video as a tool to collect data that is amenable to analysis using grounded theory are considered. Nilsson emphasises the utility of thorough transcriptions of micro-events, which enables the researcher to become aware of the small details, changes and deviations in the action on the video recording (Nilsson, 2012, p. 110). In particular it was important to extend the uncovering of patterns within the detailed data of very small behaviours of the participants. Video recordings were made of three of these dyads, each of which consisted of one student with PIMD and one carer or teacher (who was the students keyworker). A good example of dense data is a sequential analysis of shifting eye gaze patterns between two people. Furthermore, it suggests that this is a reciprocal process whereby the concepts and processes apply equally to both persons who are communicating, irrespective of whether they have a disability. In the context of thick description of an event, he notes that the descriptions were thicker than most (Schonfeld ,1992, p. 209). In order to overcome this danger during the data analysis I constantly looked for patterns in the data and was aware of the injunction that grounded theory is based on a latent structure analysis approach using a concept indicator model that yields emergent theoretical frameworks that the researcher must stay open to (Glaser, 2005, p. 5). Routledge. In order to achieve these goals, I sought to make a detailed description of observed communications and behaviours of both the person with a profound intellectual and multiple disability and his or her keyworker. London. From Isolation to Intimacy, Making Friends without Words. The all is data perspective requires many incidents to compare and saturate categories (Glaser, 2001). In order to achieve this aim video recording was used. In Nadel J and Camaioni L, (Eds). This study attempted to uncover some of the more fundamental elements and the inherent patters in the complex nature of human interaction. Speziale H. and Carpenter D. (2007). Video recordings were made of the verbal and non-verbal interactions of people with severe and complex disabilities and the staff who work with them. This was the process that is described thus in sorting, the analyst is constantly moving back and forth between memos and a potential outline working with it so everything fits (Glaser, 1978, p. 118). Polit D. and Hungler B. (2001). 26:156-162. Typically it took five and half hours to transcribe one minute of Tony and Marys (one of the dyads) video and this covered 11 pages of transcript. (2001). This paper presents a method for the collection and analysis of qualitative data that is derived by observation and that may be used to generate a grounded theory. For example, people with such severe degrees of disability may do things slowly, pause unexpectedly or indeed produce very few behaviours (Ware, 2003), making understanding of the significance of their behaviours problematic. Following the 50th anniversary wish of GTs co-founder Dr. Barney Glaser, we would like to see a conglomerate of new grounded theories that span a wide array of disciplines and topics and that demonstrate general applicability and conceptual strengths in diverse social contexts. However, functionally, the primary practical concern that they have is how to communicate with a complex and at times forbidding world. Video was the tool used to collect the data, and this approach to data collection, combined with a meticulous analysis of the videotapes, revealed the micro-behaviours that constitute the basic building blocks of dyadic communication. The theory suggests that the process of attuning regulates communication. 31 (5):1252-1257. In considering whether such doubts apply to the use of video recorded data, Nilsson (2012) reports that Glaser acknowledges that the use of video is the only method that is sufficiently sensitive to be capable of capturing micro-communications and that for research participants who are non-verbal and therefore communicate by means of macro and micro non-verbal communications, there is no other method of collecting original information explaining what was happening in their field of interest (Nilsson, 2012, p. 107), that is, baseline data. Wilder J. However, a sense that the solution to the problem lay in the detail was a starting point in seeking answers to the research question. Because grounded theory research is "collection method neutral" (Glaser, 2007, p. 20), as a research method, it can conceptualise any form of data. Boca Raton, Florida. 45:18-29. Glaser comments that baseline data is the best description the participant can offer (Glaser, 1998, p. 9). Journal of the Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities. There were three participants in the study who had a severe or profound intellectual disability, each of whom was observed in the classroom with a non disabled person, namely the staff member who was chiefly responsible for the persons care, support and education. The consequence of my presence in the classroom setting was that I took the role of observer as participant (Speziale and Carpenter, 2007), which led to minimal participation in the action. The constant comparison process not only generated codes that changed as the data analysis continued, but it also generated memos. Heritage J. Are you developing a classic grounded theory? Thus, detailed analysis demonstrated the interdependence of each person in the communication process. Micro-incidents may be regarded as constituting an important data source for the generation of theory because ultimately, an understanding of what is going on in the data is derived from constant comparison of micro-incidents, rather than macro-situations (Glaser, 1998). This can induce the Hawthorne effect (Heacock et al., 1996), which suggests that the presence of the researcher affects the people being observed (Polit and Hungler, 1999) and therefore the observed behaviours are changed because an observer is seen to be watching. Philadelphia. Attuning: A theory of interaction of people with severe and profound intellectual and multiple disability and their carers. American Psychiatric Association (2000). The transcription of the videotapes was the most painstaking and slow phase of the data analysis. On a few occasions I interacted with the participants in order to maintain the relationship which had been established prior to and during the data-gathering period. The progression in the data analysis process is described from descriptions of these micro-behaviours towards the emergence of the concepts of the theory. People with profound intellectual and multiple disability (PIMD) have an intelligence quotient below 25 points (American Psychiatric Association 2000). Please submit your paper no later than April 1 for the June edition and September 15 for the December edition. (1984). Ware J (2003). Thus, verbal interactions, non-verbal interactions, and all observable behaviours that were displayed by the participants in the dyads in the view of the camera constituted the data. Table 1. In undertaking this study, I took as the starting point Watzlawick et al.s (1967) statement that observation of non-verbal behaviours has been shown to offer a powerful insight into the meaning that people place on an interaction. Mill Valley. Creating a responsive environment for people with profound and multiple learning difficulties. Understanding how people communicate is difficult both for those who have the experience of an intellectual disability and for those who attempt to communicate with them (Caldwell 2007). The quality most clearly demonstrated by the analytic process was its precision. All communications and behaviours that were observed during the 25 minutes of video were logged into a narrative that encompassed the totality of observed behaviours of both participants in the dyad. Target behaviours in unstructured interaction research. As well as being non-verbal, people with this severe degree of disability have only a restricted capacity to communicate in any mode (Grove et al., 1999). This begged the question: Did my presence affect the action that was taking place? Cambridge. As such, each episode in the tape was viewed in real time, in slow motion and generally frame-by-frame, in order to ascertain the exact behaviours that were occurring and the precise sequences in which they occurred. They continue until they reach sample saturation, in which no new information upsets . Dense data typically contains subtle communicative behaviour. Polity press. The first was that I was present in the classrooms where the interaction took place and my presence was compounded by the video camera and the stand upon which it sat. The process that enables the person to act and to communicate is the process of attuning, which affects and reflects how the partners feel (their being), what they do and if and how they become mutually engaged. A discussion of the arguments for and against video-taping in the context of the development of grounded theory is presented and finally the strengths and weakness of the method are considered. Theoretical Sensitivity. This is, in fact, the nub of the matter; video allowed for the collection of extremely detailed data that revealed what was not evident to the observer of action in real time. (2005). Such a situation leads to communication difficulties both for the person with PIMD and the people who do not have a disability but who may be related to the person with PIMD or may work to support them. Grove N, Bunning K, Porter J and Olsson C. (1999). Glaser B. and Strauss A. This tendency for the data to self-correct was evident in the identification and emergence of the categories of data in the study. Each one hour recording sampled the student and keyworker in a variety of educational activities. It seemed to this researcher that the virtue of grounded theory was its ability to accept all forms of data and also its neutrality in terms of its approach to the data. Researchers collect data through any means they prefer and then analyze the facts to arrive at concepts. The narrative was embedded in the transcription structure such that precise sequences of communication and interaction were clearly identifiable. Glaser B. As explained above, the videotape was analyzed by running it at normal speed, running it slowly and running it frame by frame, where each frame encompassed the action of 1/24th of a second. This approach fitted with that of grounded theory. A need for a taxonomy for profound intellectual and multiple disabilities. Cascella P. (2005). The research study from which this paper is derived aimed to develop a theory to explain how people with PIMD confront that primary difficulty and communicate with others. Grounded Theory: the Philosophy, Method and Work of Barney Glaser. 2 179-214. The Discovery of Grounded Theory. The outcome of the study was that a theory of attuning emerged to explain the interactional process (Griffiths, 2010). Players can take advantage of creatures' elemental weaknesses by imbuing weapons with Damage Augments at the Smithing Station using various elemental globs and jewels. Trinity College, Dublin. 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