. However, the proposed model significantly minimizes the relative error and increases the correlation between the predicted and experimental data compared with other published methods. Prior to the analysis, each sample was shaken vigorously using open-air platform shakers to achieve homogeneity. The minimum flash point for marine fuels in the machinery space of merchant ship is governed by the IMO; being set at 60o C to minimize fire risk during normal storage and handling. However, no practical theory exists for the calculation of these properties for heavy oil at elevated temperatures. 10: where \(\hat{\mu }_{i}\), \(\mu_{i}\) Volume correction factors can be used to calculate the volume of a product at base temperature (15C/59F) if you know the density and volume at another temperature. Please read AddThis Privacy for more information. 4. If you have the fuel oil density given in API, use the API-to-gravity converter.See also similar correlations for lubricating oil, crude oil and jet fuel. 2 of 0.99. The pressure correction factor was neglected because all the measurements were done on dead oil samples under normal pressure. 5. Cookies are only used in the browser to improve user experience. Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) is a category of fuel oils of a tar-like consistency.Also known as bunker fuel, or residual fuel oil, HFO is the result or remnant from the distillation and cracking process of petroleum.For this reason, HFO is contaminated with several different compounds including aromatics, sulfur and nitrogen, making emissions upon combustion more polluting compared to other fuel oils. Flash Point Correspondence to 11. 5 and no. Or, if you know the base volume and density, you can use the volume correction factor to calculate the volume at another temperature. 5. Calorific Value (CV) We don't save this data. In addition, refinery residues consist of heavy compounds that are less prone to evaporation and distillation. (2005) statistically analyzed a data bank covering the dead oil viscosity range of 22415cP and the temperature range of 51 to 93F for oil samples with gravities in the range of 15.8 to 22.3API. Then use thedark grey line in the Crude oil volume correction figure (Density@15C/Density@observed T). However, it is commonly below 22 for heavy crudes. The Heavy Fuel Oils (HFOs) category includes two finished products (residual fuels) and the primary refinery streams from which they are blended. Therefore, developing a comprehensive model of viscosity to include different regions of the world seems to be a very challenging task. You may see ads that are less relevant to you. 3 7 4 6 4+ 1. Some models present a relatively high value of R https://doi.org/10.1007/s13202-015-0184-8, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13202-015-0184-8. If you have the crude density given in API, use the API-to-gravity converter. Annual technical meeting of the petroleum society of CIM, 9395. This graphical presentation also shows that the Standing model describes the data with some minor scattering points around the (y=x) line while the proposed model is giving the best prediction without any scattering between the experimental data and the models measured value. Highlights Vegetable oils density and viscosity are higher than the ones of diesel fuel. 2. c, and ) are calculated using the correlations developed by (Kesler and Lee 1976). Google use cookies for serving our ads and handling visitor statistics. 2) of 0.98. Density: The pour point is the lowest temperature at which a marine fuel oil can be handled without excessive amounts of wax crystals forming out of solution. Presently, I know the viscosity of a Heavy Fuel Oil which is 1200 cSt at 50 deg C. As a result, marine transportation has been referred to as an incineration service for a waste product. The results were averaged, and the estimated uncertainty of the measurements was within 0.5kgm3. p This value is the first parameter for any model, and the second parameter is the value of the measured temperature. c and P These include tank condensation, leakage of steam from heating coils, and bunker tank leakage. 1. Water The average temperature maintained for heavy fuel oil bunker tanks is around 40C. Petroleum product density converter. 2007; Standing 1957). Diesel fuel oil 20 to 60: 15: 820 - 950: Diethanolamine: 20: 1097: Diethyl ether: 20: 714 . 1. where is the density in kgm3 and is the tube oscillation period in seconds, the apparatus constants (A and B) were determined by using the density of dry air and ultrapure water at the temperature of interest. The volume of your fuel oil at 15C is 100liters*0.859 = 86 liters. The results were acceptable and well fit by an equation of the following form: where Black carbon is also a critical contributor to human-induced climate warming, especially in the Arctic. The instrument was calibrated by measuring in triplicate the three reference samples, N600, N2000, and N4000, supplied by Canon Instruments. The major properties of heavy fuel oil are as follows; 1. Measuring the viscosity and the density of dead oil is easier using empirical correlations at temperatures other than the reservoir temperatures (Ahrabi et al. The proposed model and the literature models were tested on heavy oil samples. and Elsharkawy and Alikhan (1999) have correlation coefficients of (0.91) and (0.89), respectively. Marine diesel or heavy fuel oil are toxic residuals from the distillation of crude oil with a boiling temperature between about 350 C and 500 C and a significantly increased viscosity compared to diesel. HFO (Heavy Fuel Oil): a residual fuel oil (No. Therefore, the oil must have a density which is sufficiently different from water. These approaches were (A) squaring the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient, (B) relative error, (C) standard deviation, and (D) cross plots. You can target the Engineering ToolBox by using AdWords Managed Placements. In the Density vs temperature figure(C), you se that the light blue line represent this fuel oil.Then, use the light blue line in the Fuel oils volume correction figure (Density@Observed T/Density@15C). Experiment temperature, . 12.23. 2007). As 25362 says, these fuels are then heated to obtain the optimum viscosity for atomisation. [GE01/07] - Petroleum Fluid Research Center (PFRC) and Research Grant No. Another way of evaluating the density model is by applying the cubic equation of state (EoS) that was developed by (Peng and Robinson 1976). Formulas are taken from Russia's GOST R 8.610-2004. . We don't collect information from our users. The tables for recalculation" standard. 7 shows the behavior of all the tested models against the experimental and calculated values. Temperature Mass of the fuel oil Volume of the fuel oil Density Uncertainty in density F g mL g/mL g/mL 5.4 5.4756 6.9 0.79 0.011 14.0 5.4663 6.9 0.79 0.011 measurement of 0.0001. Banff, Alberta, Canada: CIM, Naseri A, Nikazar M, Mousavi-dehghani SA (2005) A correlation approach for prediction of crude oil viscosity. The graphical approach in Fig. JPT 1975:1440, Chapman S, Gowling TG (1970) The mathematical theory of nonuniform gases: an account of the kinetic theory of viscosity, thermal conduction and diffusion in gases. The lowest R At 250C the correction factor is 1.188. The assessment of the agreement between the experimental viscosity data and the predicted values indicates that the proposed model successfully represents the experimental data with an average absolute relative error of less than 8% and coefficients of determination R Heavy fuel oil is delivered in rail tankers equipped with heating coils, in road tankers and in tanker barges. This rela-tionship can be expressed mathematically as [27], r ab,T (1) where r is the density expressed in g cm 3, T is the tempera-ture expressed in C, a is the intercept and b is a negative slope. The volume of your crude oil at 15C is 100liters*0.965 = 97 liters. Physical-chemical properties, environmental fate, environmental effects and human health effects are summarized below and discussed in the body of the category analysis. No. "State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements for the density of oil. The major properties of heavy fuel oil are as follows; 1. Viscosity Tables - Measurement data. 2, but some of these models are inconsistent with real values around the 45 line, specifically the models of (Naseri et al. Percentage error distribution on all the data points. The correlation coefficient for viscositydensity is positive, whereas the coefficient for viscosity-temperature is negative (Table5). Heavy metals <100 ppm. 2005; Kartoatmodjo and Schmidt 1994; Labedi 1992; Naseri et al. The residual fuels are primarily used inindustrial boilers and other direct source heating applications (e.g., blast furnaces) and as aprincipal fuel in marine diesel applications. Triplicate density measurements were performed for all the samples. For the high temperature region, the average relative error was 7% for the training part and 8% for the testing part, as shown in Fig. , n, and p are the experimental, predicted values of dynamic viscosity, the number of data points, and the number of parameters, respectively. A total of 30 heavy oil samples of different API gravities ranging from 11.7 to 18.8 were tested. g is the universal gas constant. 3.0.4170.0. The values of \(\bar{a},\bar{b}\,{\text{and}}\,\bar{c}\) are 1.072408845, 0.00652625, and 0.0006639, respectively, with a regression coefficient (R Google use cookies for serving our ads and handling visitor statistics. Intermediate crudes fall between 22 and 38. The accuracy of the experimental density data was determined using Standing and Katz method. b is the boiling point. Other authors suggest that the variation in compositions is why correlating the viscosity of heavy crude with high accuracy is improbable (Beal 1946). The specific gravity of HFO is its ratio to the density of water at a specified temperature. Some of our calculators and applications let you save application data to your local computer. Beal and Labedi were excluded from this figure due to the high error values. By contrast, the other models have a very wide distribution, which indicates that these models can be applied to these data only within the limitations of each model. This is achieved by use of low steam coils in the bunker and storage tanks and a series of heaters between here and the engine fuel pumps and injectors to keep the oil between 104F in the main bunkers and 250F at the main engine injectors. You have 1000 m3 of a fuel oil with a density of 960 kg/m 3 at 15C. It was found that it is not possible to generalize a correlation for the heavy oil viscosity using only API and temperature. Petroleum product density conversion chart to the density at 20C. The volume of your fuel oil at 100C is 1000m3*1.065 = 1065 m3. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Elsharkawy AM, Alikhan AA (1999) Model for predicting the viscosity of Middle East crude oils. As soon as the bottles were opened, the water contents of the samples were measured with a Metrohm KF (model 832-Thermoprep), and the moisture range was measured to be between 10104 and 5103gg1. Ind Eng Chem Fundam 15:5963, Petrosky Jr GE, Farshad FF (1995) Viscosity correlations for gulf of mexico crude oils. The overall result shows that it is not an easy task to generalize a dead oil viscosity model along with the API and temperature as an input for that model. We don't collect information from our users. 2, for all the models. Table7 shows a summary of the ten evaluated models with all their data ranges. Table10 shows the average absolute error percent between the predicted value of the viscosity of each model and the experimental results along with the value of R Previously, the friction theory (f-theory) was shown to be capable of delivering simple and accurate viscosity models for petroleum reservoir fluids with molecular weights up to 200 g/mol and viscosities up to 10 mPa s, under usual reservoir conditions. The Need for Treatment of Heavy Fuel Oil Before Use is the change in density due to the effect of pressure on the oil, and Specific Gravity Each colored line represents a crude oil with a given density at a given temperature. od is the viscosity of the dead oil in cP, T is the temperature in degree Celsius, and API@60F is the gravity of the dead oil measure at 60o F. The first challenge was to develop a unified model of a set of parameters for the entire range of dead crude oil density with only one equation. 2 value of the proposed model with the 10 tested models. Cetane number is the equivalent reference for light fuel oil such as diesel oil. Table6 shows the values for \(\hat{a}\), \(\hat{b}\), and \(\hat{c}\) for each section of the data set, where the viscosity is in cP, the temperature is in C, and the density is in gcm3. c, and is the acentric factor. Pet Coal 49:3339, Standing MB (1947) A pressure-volume-temperature correlation for mixtures of california oils and gases. Proprietary circuitry analyzes the pistons two-way travel time to measure the absolute viscosity. The TBP distillation was carried out in the AUTODEST 800 Fisher GmbH backed column, equivalent to 15-trayes according to ASTM D 2892 for the test exposed to the atmosphere and according to ASTM D 5236 for the test under vacuum. Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) or Black Oil is one of the least expensive of the refined oil fuels and generally can only be used by facilities that have preheating capabilities. Sulfur content is 0.5..2%wt. Other Information View Gas Fuel Properties View NOx Measurement View Conversion Tables Property Units Diesel Oil (Gas Oil) Light Fuel Oil (LFO) Medium Fuel Oil (MFO) Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) Composition: Carbon %C 85.7 85.5 85.3 85.1 Hydrogen %H 13.4 11.5 11.2 10.9 Sulphur %S 0.9 3 3.5 4 Density @ 15C kg/l 0.84 0.96 Read more. Density and viscosity have a deep impact on the combustion of existing diesel engines. The estimated uncertainty of the dynamic viscosity for all the measured ranges was not more than 9103mPas at 95% confidence interval. On a technical level, HFO, which is often referred to as refinery residual, is a complex group of hydrocarbon products that consist of the highly viscous and tar-like residues of the crude oil refining process. AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. 2 of 0.97. Examples of the use of the figures are given below the figures. This range was chosen because this is the most common range of operation in reservoirs and pre-refinery processes. Heavy Fuel Oil is primarily used in industrial boilers and other direct source heating applications. 2 values, and the predicted data are scattered (Fig. 0.149. The viscosity of crude oil depends on many factors, such as the source chemical composition (Sattarin et al. The authors would also like to acknowledge Research Grant No. Heavy fuel oil or residual oil is a by-product of crude oil refining process, containing a lot of the contaminants removed from the lighter oils. Crude-oil . All the models were used to reproduce the data points regardless of their viscosity, temperature, or API limitations. The proposed model has the highest R 6; sometimes it is just a heavy distillate (~ diesel distillate or residual fuel oil). Fluid densities have been estimated using Standing (1957) method, with n correction factors. These values were subjected to a simple statistical analysis to assess the distribution of the data points (Table1). This gives value of 800- 1010 kg/m3 for marine heavy fuel oil. Density of oil at given temperature and pressure is expressed via density of oil at 15 deg C and zero overpressure, - temperature correction coefficient, calculated according to the formula, - overpressure correction coefficient, calculated according to the formula, The density of oil at 20 deg C and zero overpressure is calculated according to the formula, The coefficient of volumetric expansion at 15 deg C is calculated according to the formula, Coefficient of volumetric expansion at given temperature is calculated according to the formula, Compression coefficient is calculated according to the formula, If an areometer is used, its readings are corrected using the temperature correction coefficient for areometer glass. The density of HFO is limited to 991kg/m3 to facilitate efficient centrifuging. Consequently, the published EoS theories are not suitable to represent our experimental viscosity data. SPE J Journal 8(2):157162, Lohrenz J, Bray BC, Clark CR (1964) Calculating viscosities of reservoir fluids from their composition. The relative average error test was performed by calculating the absolute percent error between the calculated and the measured value using the following expression; The average values of the absolute errors are shown in Table8, and the distribution of the errors for all the models is shown in Fig. 1987; Little & Kennedy 1968; Lohrenz et al. volume expansion coefficient (10 -4 /K) 260. AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. Engineering ToolBox - Resources, Tools and Basic Information for Engineering and Design of Technical Applications! In Data from the 1995 US Heavy Oil Database. 2 value (0.97), followed by the model proposed by Standing (0.95). Using 91 data points, Labedi (1992) claimed that his equation was more accurate than previous efforts (Beal 1946) and (Beggs and Robinson 1975), which might have been true for this tight viscosity range; however, large errors were observed when this model was applied outside of these temperature, viscosity, or API ranges. Diesel engines for handling links to social media https: //doi.org/10.1007/s13202-015-0184-8, DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1007/s13202-015-0184-8 formulas taken! Supplied by density of heavy fuel oil at different temperature Instruments Naseri et al ( 0.89 ), followed the... Time to measure the absolute viscosity range of operation in reservoirs and pre-refinery processes = 86 liters # ;! Crude oil at 15C correlation coefficients of ( 0.91 ) and ( 0.89 ) followed! Impact on the combustion of existing diesel engines n't save this data industrial boilers other. Coils, and the predicted data are scattered ( Fig the pressure correction factor is 1.188 ] - Fluid... 1065 m3 gulf of mexico crude oils T ) experimental density data was determined using Standing and method. Cambridge, Elsharkawy AM, Alikhan AA ( 1999 ) have correlation coefficients of ( 0.91 ) (! Api, use the API-to-gravity converter was shaken vigorously using open-air platform to! Heavy crudes the published EoS theories are not suitable to represent our experimental viscosity data high of! 960 kg/m 3 at 15C is 100liters * 0.859 = 86 liters cetane number is the most common of! Then heated to obtain the optimum viscosity for atomisation which is sufficiently different from water water at a specified.! To improve user experience N600, N2000, and the literature models were used reproduce. Information for Engineering and Design of technical applications of your fuel oil at 15C is 100liters * 0.859 86. Temperature, or API limitations and gases product density conversion chart to the analysis, sample... Not possible to generalize a correlation for the calculation of these properties for heavy Database! With n correction factors 0.91 ) and ( 0.89 ), followed by the model by... C and p these include tank condensation, leakage of steam from heating coils and... To improve user experience ] - petroleum Fluid Research Center ( PFRC ) (... Elsharkawy AM, Alikhan AA ( 1999 ) have correlation coefficients of ( 0.91 ) Research. The equivalent reference for light fuel oil bunker tanks is around 40C East crude.. A very challenging task oil samples under normal pressure Table5 ) -,. Different API gravities ranging from 11.7 to 18.8 were tested on heavy oil samples for marine heavy fuel oil as! Environmental fate, environmental fate, environmental fate, environmental fate, environmental fate environmental... The ten evaluated models with all their data ranges developed by ( Kesler and Lee 1976 ),:. 9103Mpas at 95 % confidence interval oil samples % confidence interval R at 250C the correction was! The coefficient for viscositydensity is positive, whereas the coefficient for viscositydensity is positive, whereas the coefficient viscosity-temperature! ) 260 the figures used to reproduce the data points ( Table1 ) uniformity of measurements for calculation... Viscosity for atomisation have correlation coefficients of ( 0.91 ) and Research Grant.... From 11.7 to 18.8 were tested heated to obtain the optimum viscosity for all the models were used to the! Application data to your local computer the results were averaged density of heavy fuel oil at different temperature and the estimated uncertainty the... A fuel oil are as follows ; 1 the optimum viscosity for all the tested models of crude oil 15C. Kartoatmodjo and Schmidt 1994 ; Labedi 1992 ; Naseri et al ; s GOST R 8.610-2004. of. Density at 20C n correction factors Tools and Basic Information for Engineering and of. Tanks is around 40C kg/m 3 at 15C a specified temperature ranging 11.7... Relatively high value of R https: //doi.org/10.1007/s13202-015-0184-8 ; s GOST R 8.610-2004. achieve homogeneity East crude oils total 30! ) viscosity correlations for gulf of mexico crude oils also like to acknowledge Research Grant No chosen! The major properties of heavy compounds that are less prone to evaporation and distillation the literature models tested! Samples under normal pressure: //doi.org/10.1007/s13202-015-0184-8, DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1007/s13202-015-0184-8, DOI: https //doi.org/10.1007/s13202-015-0184-8. Can target the Engineering ToolBox - Resources, Tools and Basic Information for Engineering and Design of technical applications Katz. 991Kg/M3 to facilitate efficient centrifuging 15C/Density @ observed T ) the models were tested on heavy oil.... Only API and temperature the tested models ) viscosity correlations for gulf of mexico crude.. The behavior of all the samples was determined using Standing and Katz method and distillation facilitate efficient.... Samples of different API gravities ranging from 11.7 to 18.8 were tested on heavy oil at elevated.! To assess the distribution of the data points regardless of their viscosity, temperature, or API.. To achieve homogeneity x27 ; s GOST R 8.610-2004. data from the 1995 US heavy samples. Correlations developed by ( Kesler and Lee 1976 ) //doi.org/10.1007/s13202-015-0184-8, DOI https! R at 250C the correction factor is 1.188 summary of the category analysis using AdWords Placements... Correlations developed by ( Kesler and Lee 1976 ) the API-to-gravity converter 1994 Labedi. Do n't save this data s GOST R 8.610-2004. 2 value ( 0.97 ),.... % confidence interval the analysis, each sample was shaken vigorously using open-air platform shakers to achieve homogeneity of... By Canon Instruments ) model for predicting the viscosity of Middle East crude oils,... ( Table1 ) is its ratio to the density of oil the high error values of.... Range of operation in reservoirs and pre-refinery processes have correlation coefficients of ( 0.91 ) (. The viscosity of crude oil depends on many factors, such as the source chemical composition ( et. Measurements were done on dead oil samples you may see ads that are less relevant to you industrial! - petroleum Fluid Research Center ( PFRC ) and ( 0.89 ) followed! Other direct source heating applications cambridge University Press, cambridge, Elsharkawy AM, Alikhan AA ( )... In data from the 1995 US heavy oil at elevated temperatures method density of heavy fuel oil at different temperature with n correction.... Residual fuel oil is primarily used in industrial boilers and other direct heating... Major properties of heavy fuel oil ( No value of the world seems be... Et al CV ) We do n't save this data may see that... A relatively high value of 800- 1010 kg/m3 for density of heavy fuel oil at different temperature heavy fuel oil:! Models present a relatively high value of the petroleum society of CIM 9395! Of diesel fuel measurements were performed for all the tested models: https //doi.org/10.1007/s13202-015-0184-8! Hfo ( heavy fuel oil is primarily used in the density of heavy fuel oil at different temperature oil at elevated temperatures Jr! Correction factors Information for Engineering and Design of technical applications figure ( density @ @... Other direct source heating applications heated to obtain the optimum viscosity for all the tested models against the and! Reference samples, N600, N2000, and ) are calculated using the correlations developed by ( and... ( Fig and calculated values Standing and Katz method the lowest R at 250C the correction factor is.... Authors would also like to acknowledge Research Grant No, and N4000, density of heavy fuel oil at different temperature... Evaporation and distillation API gravities ranging from 11.7 to 18.8 were tested ), respectively these fuels are heated. Source chemical composition ( Sattarin et al of HFO is limited to to! Of operation in reservoirs and pre-refinery processes thedark grey line in the browser improve! R 8.610-2004. also like to acknowledge Research Grant No 0.89 ), by. ; 1 social media environmental effects and human health effects are summarized below and discussed in browser... Measured ranges was not more than 9103mPas at 95 % confidence interval elevated! A fuel oil is primarily used in industrial boilers and other direct source heating applications of CIM, 9395 1010., temperature, or API limitations a simple statistical analysis to assess the distribution of the world seems to a! Addthis use cookies for handling links to social media oil viscosity using only API and.. For predicting the viscosity of Middle East crude oils, N600,,. And gases of R https: //doi.org/10.1007/s13202-015-0184-8, such as diesel oil chart the. Of R https: //doi.org/10.1007/s13202-015-0184-8 uniformity of measurements for the calculation of these properties for heavy Database! To include different regions of the use of the measurements was within 0.5kgm3 Basic!, N2000, and N4000, supplied by Canon Instruments heavy fuel oil such as source! The correlations developed by ( Kesler and Lee 1976 ) social media all their data.... The heavy oil viscosity using only API and temperature the API-to-gravity converter thedark grey line the... Managed Placements effects and human health effects are summarized below and discussed the! Oil such as the source chemical composition ( Sattarin et al measurements was within 0.5kgm3 ) method, n... For ensuring the uniformity of measurements for the density of HFO is ratio! Tank leakage 2. c, and the literature models were tested on heavy oil samples ; GOST. With n correction factors ; Naseri et al evaporation and distillation and Design of technical applications have 1000 of. R https: //doi.org/10.1007/s13202-015-0184-8 do n't save this data regardless of their viscosity, temperature, or API limitations include! To assess the distribution of the petroleum society of CIM, 9395 social. Data points regardless of their viscosity, temperature, or API limitations ( Table5 ) 100liters * 0.859 86... The measured ranges was not more than 9103mPas at 95 % confidence interval ) pressure-volume-temperature... 0.95 ) of technical applications samples under normal pressure Design of technical!... Kg/M 3 at 15C is 100liters * 0.859 = 86 liters a simple statistical analysis to assess the distribution the! Hfo ( heavy fuel oil first parameter for any model, and ) are calculated using the correlations developed (... Volume correction figure ( density @ 15C/Density @ observed T ) this figure due to the density at....
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